Meanwhile, research has revealed that the fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles driven in urban Texas became considerably higher than national average since 2010, and no conclusive study has elucidated the association between Southeast Texas crash severity and potential contributing factors. Local drivers would encounter intense precipitation, heavy fog, strong sunlight, standing water, slick road surface, and even frequent extreme weather such as tropical storms, hurricanes and flood during their year-around travels. However, driving in Southeast Texas is subject to many risks as this region features a typical humid subtropical climate with long hot summers and short mild winters. Lastly, we report on valuable lessons learnt from developing, improving and implementing our prototyping, simulation and evaluation tool for Augmented Reality applications in automated driving.ĭriving is the essential means of travel in Southeast Texas, a highly urbanized and populous area that serves as an economic powerhouse of the whole state. We reflect on the identified strengths and weaknesses of our design concepts, which were critically influenced by participants’ experience and trust in vehicle automation, as well as the methodological process. Following the user experience design approach, we report on qualitative findings from a user study design iteration (N = 16) about those concepts. In this chapter, we discuss two concepts (dynamic windshield tinting to communicate certainty and an Augmented Reality video screen movements to communicate intention) to extend the windshield with additional driving relevant information, which were rapidly prototyped and evaluated in our Virtual Reality simulator. Therefore, we have developed an affordable virtual reality automated driving simulator that implements real-world driving videos for interface prototyping and testing. Prototypes of windscreen displays and automated vehicles are difficult to access and expensive. There are methodological challenges when undertaking user experience design or human factors research in this domain because of the current development status of future technologies. This brings new human factor challenges, such as lack of situation awareness when the driver is asked to take control of the driving vehicle. These opportunities are further expanded in the context of automated driving, where human drivers are partially freed of the safety-critical driving task to attend to other activities, so-called non-driving related tasks. It is hypothesized that scenario realism is more relevant during leisurely environmental interaction, whilst simulator fidelity is crucial in task-driven interactions.Īugmented Reality in vehicles through Head-Up or Windscreen Displays offer numerous opportunities to develop road safety or user experience applications or both. Generally, different signals showed different correlations with the LOD level, suggesting that future studies should consider their measures while modeling the virtual scenario. Pupil diameter increases with higher LODs. Gaze position changes according to LODs, but differently for rectilinear and curvilinear segments. Geometrical features of the route and environmental elements constrain much more driving behavior than LOD does, as observed for vehicle trajectory and speed skin conductance and gas pedal appear to be more sensitive to LODs. The results showed that drivers behavior changes in a very complex way. speed, trajectory, brake and gas pedal use, and steering wheel), their physiological data (electrodermal activity, and eye movements), their subjective perceptions, opinions and emotional state (questionnaires concerning the research and Self-Assessment Manikin Scale) were measured. 32 participants drove in all the four scenarios on a fixed-base driving simulator their performance relating to the vehicle control (i.e. Four scenarios replicating the same real area were built with four LODs from LOD0 (only the road is drawn) to LOD3 (all buildings with real textures for facades and roofs are inserted together with items visible from the road). This paper proposes a study investigating possible correlations between drivers behaviors and emotions, and simulated driving scenarios. However, the driving simulation's Level of Detail (LOD) can affect the users perception of driving scenarios and make an experimental campaigns outcomes unreliable. Driving simulators allow performing this kind of study in a controlled and safe environment. Human factors studies are becoming more and more crucial in the automotive sector due to the need to evaluate the drivers reactions to the increasingly sophisticated driving assistant technologies.
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